Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere,[19] and the anime adaptation of Sazae-san continues to run as of 2009, regularly drawing more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television. Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's "cinematographic" technique, the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists.[20] Hasegawa's focus on daily life and on women's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga.[21] Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres, shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.[22]
In 1969 a group of female manga artists (later called the Year 24 Group, also known asMagnificent 24s) made their shōjo manga debut ("year 24" comes from the Japanese name for 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists).[23] The group included Hagio Moto, Riyoko Ikeda,Yumiko Oshima, Keiko Takemiya, and Ryoko Yamagishi, and they marked the first major entry of women artists into manga.[8] Thereafter, primarily women artists manga would draw shōjo for a readership of girls and young women.[24] In the following decades (1975–present), shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres.[25] Major subgenres include romance, superheroines, and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese, redisu レディース, redikomi レディコミ, and josei 女性).[26]
Modern shōjo manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self-realization.[27] With the superheroines, shōjo manga saw releases such asNaoko Takeuchi's Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats.[28] Groups (or sentais) of girls working together have also been popular within this genre.[29]
Manga for male readers sub-divides according to the age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old (shōnen manga) and young men 18- to 30-years old (seinen manga);[30] as well as by content, including action-adventure often involving male heroes, slapstick humor, themes of honor, and sometimes explicit sexuality.[31] The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"—青年 for "youth, young man" and 成年 for "adult, majority"—the second referring to sexually overt manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin("adult" 成人) manga.[32] Shōnen, seinen, and seijin manga share many features in common.
Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-adventure.[33] Popular themes include science fiction, technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman, Batman, and Spider-Man generally did not become as popular.[34]
The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls (bishōjo)[35] such as Belldandy from Oh My Goddess!, stories where such girls and women surround the hero, as in Negima andHanaukyo Maid Team, or groups of heavily armed female warriors (sentō bishōjo)[36]
With the relaxation of censorship in Japan after the early 1990s, a wide variety of explicitly-drawn sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly occur in English translations.[37] These depictions range from mild partial nudity through implied and explicit sexual intercourse through bondage and sadomasochism (SM), zoophilia (bestiality), incest, and rape.[38]
The gekiga style of drawing—emotionally dark, often starkly realistic, sometimes very violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, often drawn in gritty and unpretty fashions.[39] Gekiga such as Sampei Shirato's 1959–1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments (Ninja Bugeichō) arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism[40]and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga.[41]
Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as the anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like Nakayoshi feature many stories written by many different artists, these magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages long. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life.[45]
